Journal: Cell Reports Medicine

Article Title: Autoantibodies against NCAM1 from patients with schizophrenia cause schizophrenia-related behavior and changes in synapses in mice

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100597

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: GDNF Human Recombinant Protein , Origene , Cat# TP760516.

Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Recombinant, Labeling, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Software

Journal:

Article Title: Nucleus Accumbens-Derived GDNF is a Retrograde Enhancer of Dopaminergic Tone in the Mesocorticolimbic System

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3909-10.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDNF (10 μg/2μl) and/or vehicle were bilaterally (A–C) or unilaterally (D) infused into the NAc, and VTA slices were prepared 12 hrs later (the time point was chosen based on a previous study (Tomac et al., 1995b)). A, In vivo application of GDNF in the NAc elicits an increase in the firing rate of VTA neurons. Cumulative probability plot comparing spontaneous firing rates of individual neurons in VTA slices from vehicle- (black circles) and GDNF- (red circles) treated rats. ** p < 0.01 vs. vehicle by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, n = 19 cells from 3 rats for each group. B,C, NAc-derived GDNF increases excitatory but decreases inhibitory synaptic drives to VTA neurons. B, Sample traces of mEPSCs (top) and mIPSCs (bottom) after intra-NAc infusion of vehicle or GDNF. Scale bars: 0.2 sec and 15 pA (mEPSCs); 0.3 sec and 60 pA (mIPSCs). C, Bar graphs summarizing the mean frequencies (top) and amplitudes (bottom) of mEPSCs and mIPSCs. n = 11 (mEPSCs, vehicle), 12 (mEPSCs, GDNF), 15 (mIPSCs, vehicle), and 16 (mIPSCs, GDNF) slices. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 t-test. D, Intra-NAc infusion of GDNF into the NAc leads to ERK1/2 in VTA DA neurons. Images show dual channel immunofluorescence for phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2, Red), TH (Green), and overlay (Yellow). Images are representative of results from two rats. Scale bars, 500 μm (Left) and 50 μm (Right). Histological verification of placement of GDNF and vehicle infusions into the NAc is shown in Figure S2.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human GDNF was obtained from R&D System (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: In Vivo, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence

Journal:

Article Title: Nucleus Accumbens-Derived GDNF is a Retrograde Enhancer of Dopaminergic Tone in the Mesocorticolimbic System

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3909-10.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: The retrograde tracer, Neuro-DiI, was injected bilaterally into the NAc. A, A representative coronal section confirming the injection sites within the NAc. Arrowheads indicate tracer deposit. The double arrowheads indicate the anterior commissure. Scale bar, 1 mm. B, Representative images showing that numerous Neuro-DiI-labeled VTA neurons are also TH-positive. Shown are dual-channel fluorescent images for DiI (Red), TH (Green), and overlay (Yellow). The arrowheads indicate cells labeled with DiI and stained for TH (Right). Scale bars, 500 μm (Left) and 50 μm (Right). C, Representative images showing a DiI-labeled VTA neuron that was selected for electrophysiology. Upper panel, Red fluorescent image. Bottom panel, DIC image. Scale bar, 20 μm. D, A bar graph summarizing the mean increase by GDNF (200 ng/ml) in the firing rate of Neuro-DiI labeled VTA neurons. *p < 0.05. n = 8 cells.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human GDNF was obtained from R&D System (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Injection, Labeling, Staining

Journal:

Article Title: Nucleus Accumbens-Derived GDNF is a Retrograde Enhancer of Dopaminergic Tone in the Mesocorticolimbic System

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3909-10.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: A, Left, Time course of dialysate concentrations of DA from the NAc before and after intra-VTA infusion of 10 μg/μl/side (black circles) or vehicle (Veh, white circles). Two- way ANOVA (Treatment × Fractions) shows a significant effect of Treatment (F(1, 156) = 9.40, p < 0.01) and Fraction (F(13, 159) = 4.88, p < 0.001), and a significant interaction between both factors (F(13, 159) = 2.75, p < 0.01). Post-hoc analysis using the method of contrasts shows a significant difference between the vehicle and the GDNF conditions from fractions 5 to 14 (Ts > 1.81, ps < 0.05). The basal concentration of DA in dialysate was 1.97 ± 0.53 and 2.14 ± 0.42 nM for the Veh and GDNF group, respectively. Right, Bar graph comparing the DA levels in the NAc following GDNF or vehicle injections into the VTA. The values were averaged from fractions 5 to 8. n = 8 (Veh), n = 6 (GDNF). B, Left, The MEK inhibitor U0126 (0.5 μg/μl/side) or vehicle were infused in the VTA 1 hr before the application of GDNF (10 μg/μl/side) or vehicle. Time course of dialysate concentrations of DA from the NAc before and after intra-VTA infusion of, GDNF (black circles) or GDNF/U0126 (white circles). Two-way ANOVA (Treatment × Fractions) shows a significant effect of Treatment (F(1, 156) = 8.35, p < 0.01) and Fraction (F(13, 159) = 4.03, p < 0.001), and no interaction between both factors (F(13, 159) = 1.86, p = 0.12). Post-hoc analysis using the method of contrasts shows a significant difference between the Veh/GDNF and the U0126/GDNF conditions from fractions 11, 12, 15 and 17 (ts > 1.68, ps < 0.05). The basal concentration of DA in dialysate was 0.75 ± 0.18 and 1.13 ± 0.15 nM for the Veh/GDNF and U0126/GDNF group, respectively. Right, Bar graph comparing the DA levels in the NAc following vehicle, U0126 or GDNF injections into the VTA. The values were averaged from fractions 5 to 8 for the vehicle and U0126 injections and 9 to 12 for the GDNF injections. n = 6 (Veh/GDNF), n = 8 (U0129/GDNF). A&B, Intra-VTA infusion of 75 ng of baclofen confirmed the functional connection between the VTA and NAc placements by reducing NAc DA overflow in the four groups. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human GDNF was obtained from R&D System (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Functional Assay

Journal:

Article Title: Nucleus Accumbens-Derived GDNF is a Retrograde Enhancer of Dopaminergic Tone in the Mesocorticolimbic System

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3909-10.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Recombinant adeno-virus containing GDNF shRNA (Adv-shGDNF) or scrambled RNA (Adv-SCR) were bilaterally infused into the NAc of rats. A, Viral infection in the NAc was confirmed by GFP fluorescence 18 days post-injection (D18). The white boxes in a and b indicate the position of the medium spiny neuron shown in b and the position of the spiny dendrite shown in c–d (c and d are the same dendrite in color (c) and black and white (d), respectively). Scale bar, 2 mm (a), 50 μm (b), and 10 μm (c). B, Adv-shGDNF decreases GDNF expression in the NAc. The NAc tissue from Adv-shGDNF and Adv-SCR infected rats was dissected at D18 for RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels of GDNF. Bar graph depicts the average GDNF/GAPDH ratio. * p < 0.05. n = 5 rats for each group. C, Downregulation of GDNF in the NAc does not alter the frequency of VTA neuronal firing evoked by somatic current injections. Cell membrane potentials were brought to −60 mV in whole-cell current-clamp mode, and a depolarization step of 120 pA (0.5 sec) was injected to induce evoked firing. Left, Sample voltage traces response to the current injection in slices from Adv-SCR- (SCR, top) and Adv-shGDNF- (shGDNF, bottom) treated rats. Scale, 30 mV, 100 ms. Middle and Right, bar graphs depicting no difference in firing rate (Middle) and latency (Right) of evoked VTA neuronal firing between Adv-SCR- and Adv-shGDNF-treated rats. The frequency was measured between the first 2 spikes. n = 35 (SCR) and 34 (shGDNF) neurons from 13 rats for each group. The latency was defined as the duration between the onset of current injection to the peak of the first spike. n = 36 (SCR) and 35 (shGDNF) neurons from 13 rats for each group. D, Downregulation of GDNF in the NAc decreases the spontaneous firing rate of VTA neurons. Left, Representative traces of spontaneous firing of VTA neurons in Adv-SCR-(SCR, top) and Adv-shGDNF- (shGDNF, bottom) infected rats. Note that the inter-spike interval is larger (thus the frequency is lower) in the bottom trace than in the top trace. Right, Cumulative probability plot comparing individual neurons in slices from Adv-shGDNF- and Adv-SCR-treated rats. * p < 0.05 by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, n = 33 neurons from 9 rats for each group. See also Figure S1.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human GDNF was obtained from R&D System (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Recombinant, Virus, shRNA, Infection, Fluorescence, Injection, Expressing, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Membrane

Journal:

Article Title: Nucleus Accumbens-Derived GDNF is a Retrograde Enhancer of Dopaminergic Tone in the Mesocorticolimbic System

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3909-10.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: A, Intra-VTA infusion of GDNF produces an increase in the spontaneous firing rate of VTA neurons. GDNF (10 μg/μl) or vehicle was bilaterally infused into the VTA, and slices were prepared 10 min later. Cumulative probability plot was constructed to compare the firing rates of individual neurons in slices from vehicle- and GDNF-treated rats. ** p < 0.01 vs. vehicle by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, n = 12 cells from 3 rats for each group. B–D, Bath-applied GDNF increases the spontaneous firing frequency of DA neurons. B, Sample traces of spontaneous firing in a tight-seal cell-attached recording before (Baseline) and during (14 min) bath application of GDNF (200 ng/ml). Scale bar, 0.5 sec. C, Averaged time course showing that bath application of GDNF (200 ng/ml, black circles) (n = 14), but not its heat-inactivated form (heat-inact, GDNF, 200 ng/ml, white circles) (n = 8), induced an increase in the firing frequency of neurons. The horizontal bar depicts the application duration of GDNF or its inactivated form. For inactivation, GDNF was heated at 95°C for 1 hr. D, Dose-response of GDNF-induced enhancement of firing rate. * p < 0.05 vs. baseline. n = 10, 8, 15 for 50, 100, and 200 ng/ml GDNF, respectively. E–F, GDNF enhancement of the spontaneous firing rate of VTA neurons requires the activation of the MAPK pathway, but not the PI-3K pathway. Slices were pretreated with PD 98059 (10 μM), or LY 294002 (25 μM), for 45 min and GDNF’s (200 ng/ml) effect on the firing rate was tested in the continuous presence of the inhibitors. E, Firing rate of neurons in the presence of PD 98059 before and during GDNF application. F, Bar graph summarizing the effect of PD 98059 and LY 294002 on the firing rate of neurons in response to GDNF. * p < 0.05 vs. baseline. n = 9 (PD 98059), n = 11 (LY 294002). p = 0.15 for the difference in firing rate before and during GDNF application in the continuous presence of PD 98059. See also Figure S3.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human GDNF was obtained from R&D System (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Construct, Activation Assay

Journal:

Article Title: Nucleus Accumbens-Derived GDNF is a Retrograde Enhancer of Dopaminergic Tone in the Mesocorticolimbic System

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3909-10.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: A–B, GDNF (10 μg/ 2μl) was bilaterally infused into the NAc 7-11 days following intra- PFC infusions of DiI. VTA slices were prepared 12 hrs after GDNF infusion, and the spontaneous firing of DiI-labled PFC-projecting neurons was measured. A, A representative coronal section confirming the injection sites within the PFC. Arrowheads indicate DiI deposit. Scale bar, 0.5 mm B, Cumulative probability plot comparing spontaneous firing rates of individual neurons in slices from vehicle- (black circles) and GDNF- (red circles) treated rats. ** p < 0.01 vs. vehicle by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, n = 22 cells from 5 rats for each group.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human GDNF was obtained from R&D System (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Injection

Journal:

Article Title: Nucleus Accumbens-Derived GDNF is a Retrograde Enhancer of Dopaminergic Tone in the Mesocorticolimbic System

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3909-10.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: 6-OHDA was unilaterally (A–B) or bilaterally (C) infused into the NAc. For electrophysiology experiments (C), DiI was also bilaterally infused into the PFC. Three weeks after the infusion of 6-OHDA, vehicle (A) or GDNF (10 μg/2 μl) (B,C) was bilaterally infused into the NAc. Twelve hrs after GDNF infusion, animals were perfused and brains removed to examine the immunoreactivity of TH (A) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) (B). The spontaneous firing of DiI-labeled PFC-projecting VTA neurons was measured in parallel (C). A, Image depicts TH staining in the whole striatum after 6-OHDA (left) and vehicle (right) infusion into the NAc. The reduction of TH level in the area defined by the dash line, contains the most part of the NAc. Scale bar, 1 mm. B, Intra-NAc infusion of 6-OHDA reduces subsequent GDNF-mediated increase in p-ERK1/2 levels in the VTA. Image shows ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the VTA after unilateral 6-OHDA (left) and subsequent bilateral GDNF infusions into the NAc. Scale bar, 500 μm. C, 6-OHDA lesion of DAergic fibers in the NAc abolishes NAc-derived GDNF enhancement of the spontaneous firing rate of PFC-projecting VTA neurons. Cumulative probability plot comparing the firing rate of neurons from GDNF (red) and vehicle (black)-infused animals. n = 39 (vehicle) and 42 (GDNF). p > 0.05 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human GDNF was obtained from R&D System (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Labeling, Staining, Phospho-proteomics, Derivative Assay

Journal:

Article Title: Nucleus Accumbens-Derived GDNF is a Retrograde Enhancer of Dopaminergic Tone in the Mesocorticolimbic System

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3909-10.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: A VTA DA neuron (yellow) innervates a medium spiny neuron (MSN, Green), the principal cell of the NAc. A neighboring VTA DA neuron (orange) projects to the PFC (grey). GDNF (red triangle) is synthesized in and released by the MSN (A). The polypeptide is taken up by the terminal of the NAc-projecting VTA DA neuron (B). GDNF is then retrogradely transported into the neuronal soma and/or dendrite located in the VTA, where GDNF is secreted (C). The released GDNF binds to GFRα-1 (white) localized on the membrane of the same and/or adjacent NAc-projecting (D) and PFC-projecting (E) VTA neuron, which leads to the ligation of the GDNF/GFRα-1 complex to Ret (green), leading to its activation (D and E). Activation of Ret results in the activation of ERK1/2 (blue, F), that in turn causes increased spontaneous neuronal firing (G and H), which propagates along the axon back to the DA terminal in the NAc, leading to the elevation of DA (black) release (I).

Article Snippet: Recombinant human GDNF was obtained from R&D System (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Synthesized, Membrane, Ligation, Activation Assay

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: Feeding-induced hepatokine, Manf, ameliorates diet-induced obesity by promoting adipose browning via p38 MAPK pathway

doi: 10.1084/jem.20201203

Figure Lengend Snippet: Manf stimulated browning via p38 MAPK signaling. (A) qPCR analysis of thermogenic genes in primary iWAT incubated with CM from primary hepatocytes infected with Ad-GFP or Ad-Manf for 48 h ( n = 3). (B) Thermogenic gene expression in primary iWAT treated with recombinant Manf and Fgf21 ( n = 3). (C) Phosphorylated of p38 and ATF2 in primary adipocyte from iWAT treated with different concentration of Manf for 30 min. (D) Phosphorylated and total p38 and ATF2 in primary adipocyte from iWAT incubated with 2.5 nM Manf for different periods of time. (E) Primary adipocytes were pretreated with SB203580 (10 µM) for 2 h, then Manf (2.5 nM) for an additional 48 h. mRNA levels of thermogenic genes were detected by qPCR ( n = 3). (F) Phosphorylated and total p38 and ATF2 protein levels in iWAT from WT and Tg mice fed an HFD for 12 wk ( n = 3). Each experiment was independently performed two to three times. All data are mean ± SEM. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. Ctrl, control.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: rabbit-anti-MANF (1:10,000 for WB; SAB3500384; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit-anti-Ucp1 (1:4,000 for WB, 1:400 for IHC; Ab10983; Abcam), rat-anti-F4/80 (1:200 for IF; Ab6640; Abcam), mouse-anti-Pgc-1α (1:2,000 for WB; Sc-517380; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit-anti-p-Akt (1:2,000 for WB; Ser 473; Sc-7985-R; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit-anti-Akt (1:2,000 for WB; Sc-8312; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit-anti-HSL (1:2,000 for WB; Sc-25843; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), mouse-anti-p-p38 (1:2,000 for WB; Sc-166182; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit-anti-p-HSL (1:2,000 for WB; 4126; Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit-anti-ATGL (1:2,000 for WB; 2138s; Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit-anti-p-Plin1 (1:2,000 for WB; 100G7E; Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit-anti-Plin1 (1:2,000 for WB; 9349; Cell Signaling Technology) rabbit-anti-p38 (1:2,000 for WB; BM4142, Boster), rabbit-anti-ATF2 (1:2,000 for WB; BA0653; Boster), rabbit-anti-p-ATF2 (1:2,000 for WB; AP1051; Abclonal), rabbit-anti-β-actin (1:100,000 for WB; AC026; Abclonal), and mouse-anti-β-tubulin (1:4,000 for WB; 200608; Zen Bio Science).

Techniques: Incubation, Infection, Gene Expression, Recombinant, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: Feeding-induced hepatokine, Manf, ameliorates diet-induced obesity by promoting adipose browning via p38 MAPK pathway

doi: 10.1084/jem.20201203

Figure Lengend Snippet: Manf did not affect cAMP, Erk, and Creb signaling pathway. (A) The expression of Fabp4 in primary adipocytes from iWAT incubated with CM collected from primary hepatocytes infected with Ad-GFP or Ad-Manf ( n = 6). (B) mRNA levels of Fabp4 in primary adipocytes from iWAT treated with recombinant Manf ( n = 3). (C) Phosphorylated and total Erk and Creb in primary iWAT treated with recombinant Manf (2.5 nM; n = 2). (D) The levels of p-p38 in primary adipocytes pretreated with p38 MAPK inhibitor SB023580 (SB; 10 µM) for 2 h followed by Manf (2.5 nM) treatment for 30 min ( n = 2). (E and F) Serum and iWAT norepinephrine (NE) levels in WT and Tg mice on an HFD ( n = 5 or 6). (G) cAMP levels of iWAT from WT and Tg mice on an HFD ( n = 6). (H) Immunofluorescent staining of F4/80 in BAT from HFD-fed mice. (I and J) mRNA levels of markers of M1 and M2 macrophages and inflammatory genes in BAT from HFD-fed mice. Each experiment was independently performed two to three times. All data are mean ± SEM. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. Ctrl, control.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: rabbit-anti-MANF (1:10,000 for WB; SAB3500384; Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit-anti-Ucp1 (1:4,000 for WB, 1:400 for IHC; Ab10983; Abcam), rat-anti-F4/80 (1:200 for IF; Ab6640; Abcam), mouse-anti-Pgc-1α (1:2,000 for WB; Sc-517380; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit-anti-p-Akt (1:2,000 for WB; Ser 473; Sc-7985-R; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit-anti-Akt (1:2,000 for WB; Sc-8312; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit-anti-HSL (1:2,000 for WB; Sc-25843; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), mouse-anti-p-p38 (1:2,000 for WB; Sc-166182; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit-anti-p-HSL (1:2,000 for WB; 4126; Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit-anti-ATGL (1:2,000 for WB; 2138s; Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit-anti-p-Plin1 (1:2,000 for WB; 100G7E; Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit-anti-Plin1 (1:2,000 for WB; 9349; Cell Signaling Technology) rabbit-anti-p38 (1:2,000 for WB; BM4142, Boster), rabbit-anti-ATF2 (1:2,000 for WB; BA0653; Boster), rabbit-anti-p-ATF2 (1:2,000 for WB; AP1051; Abclonal), rabbit-anti-β-actin (1:100,000 for WB; AC026; Abclonal), and mouse-anti-β-tubulin (1:4,000 for WB; 200608; Zen Bio Science).

Techniques: Expressing, Incubation, Infection, Recombinant, Staining, Control